13位院士聯合發表綜述——新污染物：同一健康視角
導語 | Introduction?
由于全球經濟一體化的發展，人類需求的不斷提高，導致環境污染逐步加劇。盡管全球正在努力消除現存的污染物，但新污染物的不斷引入仍然對人類和地球構成重大威脅。因此，應倡導全球攜手對新污染物進行全面的風險評估和監管，迅速行動起來向可持續的污染管理模式過渡，保護我們的星球，造福子孫后代。本文匯聚來自18個國家、77個單位的98位學者（13位院士），系統評述了新污染物的來源、歸趨和對地球健康的影響，提出了管控這些污染物的策略，同時強調在區域和全球層面制定強有力的環境政策，推進同一健康的構建。
Environmental pollution is escalating due to rapid global development that often prioritizes human needs over planetary health. Despite global efforts to mitigate legacy pollutants, the continuous introduction of new substances remains a major threat to both people and the planet. In response, global initiatives are focusing on risk assessment and regulation of emerging contaminants. Urgent actions are needed to transition towards sustainable pollution management practices to safeguard our planet for future generations. This review, authored by 98 scientists from 18 countries and 77 research institutions, identifies the sources and impacts of emerging contaminants on planetary health. It proposes strategies for monitoring and addressing these pollutants while emphasizing the necessity for robust and socially equitable environmental policies at regional and international levels.
圖1 圖文摘要
Figure 1 Graphical abstract
歷史視角下的新污染物
Historical perspective of emerging contaminants
自20世紀中葉以來，全球社會經濟格局發生了深刻變革，工業活動激增，技術迅速發展。在這個時代，人類對自然資源的開采和利用大幅度增加，特別是礦物和石化產品，導致更多環境污染物擴散。曾經被譽為有益化學品的物質，如今卻成了嚴重的環境污染物。這些不斷演變的污染物包括塑料及其衍生物、阿特拉津、磷酸三苯酯、鎢、全氟和多氟烷基物質、氯氟烴、新煙堿、草甘膦等。這種演變歸因于不斷提高的檢測能力能夠發現更多痕量水平的無機和有機污染物，以及人們更深入地認識到這些污染物的環境和健康效應(圖2)。
Since the mid-20th century, the global socio-economic landscape has undergone a profound transformation, marked by a surge in industrial activity and technological advancement. This era has witnessed a substantial increase in the extraction and utilization of natural resources, particularly critical minerals and petrochemicals, resulting in the dispersion of environmental pollutants. There has been a notable reevaluation of substances once lauded as beneficial chemicals, which have now emerged as significant environmental contaminants. Among these evolving contaminants are plastics and their derivatives, atrazine, triphenyl phosphate, tungsten, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, chlorofluorocarbons, neonicotinoids, glyphosate, and numerous others. This evolution is attributed to improved detection capabilities for inorganic and organic contaminants at trace levels and a better understanding of their wider ecosystem and health effects (Figure 2).
圖2 新污染物的演變：基于環境或生物系統中有毒化學物質的檢測和追蹤
Figure 2. The evolution of emerging contaminants in relation to the advances in the detection and tracking of potentially toxic chemicals in the environment or biological systems, even at trace levels.
新污染物的產生和環境釋放
Production, and environmental release of emerging contaminants
上個世紀以來，工業化和城市化推動了全球人口的迅速增長，對消費品需求的激增，導致藥品、家居用品和塑料制品等相關工業的生產規模顯著擴張。這些產品的廣泛使用和不當處置使其在自然環境中隨處可見，造成了多種來源的潛在有害化學物質持續污染。因此，要制定有效的策略削減其在環境中的賦存，就必須全面了解這些污染物及其暴露途徑(圖3)。
Over the last century, global population growth, fueled by industrialization and urbanization, has spurred increased demand for consumer goods. Consequently, industries producing these goods, such as pharmaceuticals, household products, and plastics, have expanded significantly. The extensive use and improper disposal of these products have led to their omnipresence in the natural environment, causing continuous contamination with potentially harmful chemicals from diverse sources. This comprehensive understanding of problematic substances and their pathways of exposure is essential for developing effective strategies (Figure 3).
圖3 新污染物的生產、利用和環境釋放
Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the multifaceted pathways of emerging contaminant production, utilization, and environmental release.
現代分析檢測技術的迅猛發展大大提升了對新污染物檢測和分析的能力，包括新污染物的提取、檢測和定量水平的精進。其中，質譜法和生物分析技術在分析新興有機污染物方面尤為有效。此外，基于綠色技術的電化學檢測方法的發展，可用于測定新污染物，尤其是在藥物污染方面。這些創新技術在闡明新污染物的來源、分類、歸趨和遷移以及研發污染物阻控技術方面發揮了至關重要的作用。
The development of new analytical techniques and technologies has significantly enhanced the detection and analysis of emerging contaminants. This progress has bolstered our capability to extract, quantify, and detect emerging contaminants in environmental samples. Mass spectrometry and bioanalytical techniques have been particularly effective in analyzing emerging organic contaminants. Furthermore, electrochemical detection methods, with a focus on green technology, have emerged to measure emerging contaminants, especially pharmaceuticals. These innovations have played a crucial role in elucidating the sources, classification, fate, and transport of emerging contaminants and in the development of treatment technologies for their removal.
新污染物的分布和歸趨
Distribution and fate of emerging contaminants
由于積累了大量的潛在有害物質，陸地生態系統面臨著諸多挑戰(圖4)。人工合成和自然產生的新污染物在各種環境中廣泛存在。盡管這些新污染物濃度較低，但可以產生重大且持久的影響，因此近年來對其分布和歸趨進行了大量研究。新污染物來源多樣，包括工業排放、農田徑流和廢水排放。一旦釋放，新污染物會經歷降解、揮發和生物積累等轉化過程，從而影響它們在不同環境介質（包括水體、土壤和大氣）中的分布。
Terrestrial ecosystems face numerous challenges arising from introducing and accumulating a range of potentially toxic substances (Figure 4). Synthetic and naturally occurring emerging contaminants are widespread across diverse environmental settings. Despite often existing in low concentrations, these emerging contaminants can exert significant and enduring effects, prompting extensive research into their distribution and fate in recent years. Emerging contaminants can originate from various sources, such as industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and wastewater effluents. Once released, emerging contaminants can undergo transformation processes such as degradation, volatilization, and bioaccumulation, influencing their distribution across different environmental compartments, including water bodies, soils, and the atmosphere.
圖4 新污染物進入環境的途徑及其遷移轉化
Figure 4. Pathways through which emerging contaminants enter the environment and their subsequent fate.
新污染物對星球健康的風險
Risks of emerging contaminants to planetary health
新污染物會破壞生態系統、危及野生動物，從而對人類福祉構成威脅，給星球健康帶來重大風險(圖5)。這些污染物具有持久性、生物蓄積性和流動性等特征，可形成持久的環境效應，危害生態系統。這些物質可以通過多種途徑進入人體，如口食攝入、呼吸攝入和皮膚接觸。這些物質可長時間存在于環境中而不降解，導致生物累積，達到有害濃度。
Emerging contaminants present substantial risks to planetary health by disrupting ecosystems, endangering wildlife, and posing threats to human well-being (Figure 5). These contaminants exhibit characteristics such as persistence, bioaccumulation, and mobility, potentially forming enduring environmental footprints that jeopardize ecosystems. They can persist in the environment for extended periods without degradation, leading to bioaccumulation in organisms and the subsequent risk of reaching harmful concentrations. These substances may enter the human body through various exposure routes, including ingesting contaminated water or food, inhaling air pollutants, and dermal contact with contaminated surfaces. Their persistent nature, mobility, and potential to accumulate in the environment heighten the risks of exposure, intensifying their impact on human health.
圖5 新污染物對人類健康、空氣質量、水和土壤生態系統的關聯負面效應
Figure 5. Interconnected negative impacts of emerging contaminants on human health, air quality, water systems, and soil ecosystems.
基于模型評估新污染物的歸趨和毒理學風險
Model-based assessment of fate and toxicological risks of emerging contaminants
開發數學模型以深入了解新污染物在水、土壤和大氣生態系統中的遷移和影響，是當前環境污染研究的重點之一。這些模型作為監測網絡的重要補充，豐富了我們對新污染物來源、分布和生命周期的理解，影響對新污染物動態的機制與環境因素的見解。通過促進對人類健康和生態系統的全面風險評估，新污染物模型在提供早期預警、預測未來氣候情景下的結果以及評估修復技術的有效性方面發揮著關鍵作用。
機器學習和深度學習等人工智能技術，在應對環境挑戰方面大有可為。人工智能可以通過分析復雜數據集，預測污染物行為，完善修復策略，從而提高污染控制措施的效率和有效性。此外，人工智能在監測空氣和水體質量、精確定位污染源、預測污染物擴散等方面發揮關鍵作用，以便迅速展開有針對性的修復行動。此外，人工智能驅動的數字模擬與數字情景再現的修復方法，可評估修復措施，實時監測污染物修復進展，以加強污染管理決策制定與資源分配。
The development of mathematical models to understand the migration and impacts of emerging contaminants in water, soil, and air ecosystems is a current focal point in environmental pollution research. These models serve as valuable complements to monitoring networks, enriching our comprehension of emerging contaminant sources, distributions, and life cycles. They also offer insights into the influencing mechanisms and environmental factors shaping emerging contaminant dynamics. By facilitating comprehensive risk assessments for both human health and ecosystems, emerging contaminant models play a pivotal role in providing early warnings, projecting outcomes under future climate scenarios, and evaluating the efficacy of remediation technologies.
Through the utilization of artificial intelligence technologies, such as machine learning and deep learning, significant progress can be achieved in addressing environmental challenges. Artificial intelligence can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of pollution control measures by analyzing intricate datasets, forecasting contaminant behavior, and refining remediation strategies. Furthermore, artificial intelligence can play a pivotal role in monitoring air and water quality, pinpointing pollution sources, and predicting the dispersion of pollutants to enable prompt and targeted remediation actions. In addition, artificial intelligence-driven digital simulations and digital twins can replicate environmental scenarios, assess remediation approaches, and monitor the success of mitigation efforts to enhance decision-making and resource allocation in pollution management.
全球協作控制新污染物
Global efforts to control emerging contaminants
對新污染物的認識不斷提高促使全球努力制定有效的預防、檢測和補救策略（圖6）。世界各國已啟動政策，鼓勵工業和經濟部門通過改變其生產過程、操作和材料使用來減少源污染。為解決人造污染物環境積累的全球問題，眾多修復技術已被開發，包括挖掘、土壤蒸汽提取等物理技術，以及旨在降解或固定土壤和水體污染物的化學生物處理技術。可持續管理新污染物對于其控制和治理至關重要。應集中精力推進新污染物管理技術，并進行與環境風險評估和有毒有害化學品管理相關的重點研究。應加快對新污染物的生態和環境危害機制的深入研究，投資于研究與新污染物相關的可持續管理戰略的新理論和新技術。應建立化學物質環境風險管理信息系統，構建化學物質毒理學計算和暴露預測平臺。這些舉措對重點污染物的高效控制、早期評估和識別至關重要。此外，綠色和可持續化學、技術和工程方面的創新和教育可以促進更綠色、更可持續的產品和工藝的發展。
The increasing recognition of emerging contaminants has led to global efforts to devise efficient strategies for their prevention, detection, and remediation (Figure 6). Governments worldwide have initiated policies to encourage industries and economic sectors to reduce source pollution by changing their production processes, operations, and material usage. Many remediation technologies have been developed to tackle the urgent global problem of the environmental accumulation of anthropogenic pollutants. These technologies are vital in cleaning up contaminated sites and restoring them to environmentally acceptable conditions. Remediation methods span a spectrum of approaches, including physical techniques like excavation, soil vapour extraction, and chemical and biological treatments designed to degrade or immobilize contaminants in both soil and water. In addressing the challenges of Emerging contaminants, sustainable management plays a pivotal role in their control and governance. Emphasis should be directed to advancing technologies for the management of Emerging contaminants and undertaking critical research on environmental risk assessment and management of toxic and hazardous chemicals. Further research on the ecological and environmental harm mechanisms of Emerging contaminants should be accelerated, and investments should be made in research on new theories and technologies for sustainable management strategies related to emerging contaminants. An environmental risk management information system for chemical substances should be established, and a platform for calculating toxicology and exposure prediction of chemical substances should be built. The early assessment and identification of key pollutants are essential for efficient control. Besides, innovation and education in green and sustainable chemistry, technology, and engineering can promote the generation of greener and more sustainable products and processes.
圖6 “多管齊下”以控制新污染物
Figure 6. Strategies for controlling emerging contaminants encompass various measures.
管理和教育
Management and education
全球化學品的生產和使用范圍不斷擴大，需要進行嚴格的危害評估和管理，以保護公眾健康和環境。監管措施和政策在管理化學品的生產、使用和處置方面發揮著關鍵作用。這些措施旨在平衡工業創新與環境安全，并保護各種生物體的健康。提高公眾對新污染物及其來源和潛在影響的認識，促進公眾自覺，鼓勵公眾共同參與污染防治行動。開展教育活動、研討會和科普活動以引導公眾建立對新興污染物相關環境風險的科學認識，促進更多的綠色消費。
The increasing global production and use of chemicals in a widening range of applications and products requires a strict hazard assessment and management to protect public health and the environment. Regulatory measures and policies, therefore, play a key role in managing the production, use, and disposal of chemicals to minimize potential harm. These measures aim to strike a balance between industrial innovation and the search for environmentally safe chemicals to protect the health of organisms at all biological scales. In addition, by increasing public knowledge and understanding of emerging pollutants, their sources, and potential impacts, we can promote responsible behavior and encourage individuals to make informed choices that contribute to pollution prevention. There is a need to conduct public education through educational campaigns, workshops, and outreach programs on the scientific aspects of emerging contaminants, guiding the public in developing a scientific awareness of the environmental risks associated with emerging contaminants and fostering a commitment to green consumption principles.
一些經驗教訓
Some lessons learned
系統發現新污染物是環境科學的一個重要目標。早期被認為是安全和惰性的化合物類別，如今不斷被證實是突出的污染物。截止目前，注冊化學品數量已呈現指數型增長模式（圖2），增加了對環境健康的潛在風險。多年來，人們不斷發現許多相關化學物質、病原體和(納米)顆粒等，對它們的歸趨和修復進行了深入研究，并將其納入日常監管和監測。雖然“新污染物”一詞是一個短暫分類，但對過去幾十年的回顧可以突出化學品出現的驅動因素，并說明從出現到采取進一步行動之間的時間跨度。
The systematic discovery of new contaminants has traditionally been a grand goal of Environmental Sciences. Compound classes that were initially considered safe and inert turned out to be prominent contaminants as more comprehensive evidence emerged. At the same time, the number of chemicals registered by the Chemical Abstract Service is increasing exponentially (Figure 2), augmenting the likelihood of adverse effects and reinforcing efforts to recognize potential pollutants of tomorrow early on 150. Over the years, many relevant chemicals, pathogens, and (nano)particles have been discovered. They subsequently became the subject of in-depth fate and remediation studies before being the equivalent of “usual suspects” and making their way into regulation and routine monitoring efforts. While the term “Emerging Contaminants” is an ephemeral classification, a review of the last decades can highlight the drivers that make chemicals emerge, and illustrate the timespan between emergence and further action.
未來的方向和挑戰
Future directions and challenges
如果沒有全球合作來減輕和預防環境污染，可持續發展將是一個遙不可及的愿景，而不是一個現實可及的目標。盡管治理遺留污染物的法規已經實施，但許多尚未接受監管的化學品和生物實體仍被持續排放至環境中。
A. 化學品在現代社會中扮演著舉足輕重的角色，其產量亦在逐年增加。然而，受全球發展需求的限制，對其生產和使用進行規范卻顯得困難重重。?
B. 由于缺乏透明度，公司對其產品中所使用的成分和含量遮遮掩掩，這無疑增加了識別潛在污染物和評估其對人類健康風險的難度。
C. 面對這些錯綜復雜的挑戰，應需制定因地制宜、因物制宜的補救策略。?
D. 環境污染與氣候變化以及其他全球環境問題之間存在著千絲萬縷的聯系，這構成了一個巨大挑戰，需要各方合力才有望解決。?
新產品的不斷涌現和使用，導致新污染物源源不斷地進入環境。為有效應對這一挑戰，我們需要開展深入全面的研究，以明確這些污染物的來源及其對人類健康、生態系統和動物的潛在影響。我們必須擁抱“同一個健康”的理念，將環境保護融入日常生活，倡導減少污染物的政策，并通過全球合作來清除現有污染物。
Achieving sustainable development remains a lofty goal rather than a concrete reality without unified global endeavors to mitigate and prevent environmental pollution. While regulations have been implemented to address legacy contaminants, many unregulated chemicals and biological entities continue to be released into the environment.
A. Chemicals are crucial in modern society, and their production is increasing. However, regulating their production and use is challenging because of the global development framework.?
B. The lack of transparency from companies regarding the ingredients and quantities used in their products complicates the identification of the contaminants people may be exposed to and the potential health risks associated with them.?
C. Tailored remediation strategies, considering specific site conditions and contaminant characteristics, need to be developed to navigate these complex challenges.?
D. The intricate interplay between environmental pollution and climate change and other factors of global environmental change presents a formidable challenge that cannot be tackled in isolation.?
The continuous generation and utilization of new products contribute to the introduction of emerging contaminants into the environment. To confront this challenge effectively, comprehensive research is imperative to understand the sources and potential repercussions of these pollutants on human health, ecosystems, and animals, embracing the One Health approach. Addressing environmental pollution demands a paradigm shift in our lifestyles, advocating for policies geared towards minimizing contaminants and implementing coordinated efforts to tackle existing pollutants through global cooperation.
本文內容來自Cell Press合作期刊The Innovation第五卷第四期以Review發表的“Emerging contaminants: A One Health perspective” (投稿: 2024-02-13；接收: 2024-03-10；在線刊出: 2024-03-13)。
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100612
引用格式：Wang F., Xiang L., Leung K., et al. (2024). Emerging contaminants: A One Health perspective. The Innovation 5(4), 100612.
作者：Fang Wang*, Leilei Xiang, Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung, Martin Elsner, Ying Zhang, Yuming Guo, Bo Pan, Hongwen Sun, Taicheng An, Guangguo Ying, Bryan W. Brooks, Deyi Hou, Damian E. Helbling, Jianqiang Sun, Hao Qiu, Timothy M. Vogel, Wei Zhang, Yanzheng Gao, Myrna J. Simpson, Yi Luo, Scott X. Chang, Guanyong Su, Bryan M. Wong, Tzung-May Fu, Dong Zhu, Karl J. Jobst, Chengjun Ge, Frederic Coulon, Jean Damascene Harindintwali, Xiankui Zeng, Haijun Wang, Yuhao Fu, Zhong Wei, Rainer Lohmann, Changer Chen, Yang Song, Concepcion Sanchez-Cid, Yu Wang, Ali El-Naggar, Yiming Yao, Yanran Huang, Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law, Chenggang Gu, Huizhong Shen, Yanpeng Gao, Chao Qin, Hao Li, Tong Zhang, Natàlia Corcoll, Min Liu, Daniel S. Alessi, Hui Li, Kristian K. Brandt, Yolanda Pico, Cheng Gu, Jianhua Guo, Jianqiang Su, Philippe Corvini, Mao Ye, Teresa Rocha-Santos, Huan He, Yi Yang, Meiping Tong, Weina Zhang, Fidèle Suanon, Ferdi Brahushi, Zhenyu Wang, Syed A. Hashsham, Marko Virta, Qingbin Yuan, Gaofei Jiang, Louis A. Tremblay, Qingwei Bu, Jichun Wu, Willie Peijnenburg, Edward Topp, Xinde Cao, Xin Jiang, Minghui Zheng, Taolin Zhang, Yongming Luo, Lizhong Zhu*, Xiangdong Li, Damià Barceló, Jianmin Chen, Baoshan Xing, Wulf Amelung*, Zongwei Cai, Ravi Naidu, Qirong Shen, Janusz Pawliszyn, Yong-guan Zhu*, Andreas Schaeffer, Matthias C. Rillig, Fengchang Wu, Gang Yu, and James M. Tiedje*
*Co-corresponding authors.?
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